{"id":26802,"title":"Francis Fukuyama, \"The End of History and the Last Man\"","dimensions":"24 x 16 x 3 cm","date_begin":"1992-01-01","material":"paper, ink","art_status_id":13,"legal_status_id":47,"category_id":26,"platform_id":1,"deleted":false,"asset_count":1,"stream_count":0,"collection":"Collection M HKA,  Antwerp","cached_tag_list":"MONOCULTURE Fukuyama Huntington","publishing_process_id":1,"annotation":"\u003cp\u003ePublished by The Free Press\u003cbr /\u003e\r\nFirst edition\u003c/p\u003e\r\n","date_end":null,"reference":"","stream_count_app":18,"permalink":"the-end-of-history-and-the-last-man","description_ca":"","short_description_ca":"","description_it":"","short_description_it":"","cached_primary_asset_url":"http://s3.amazonaws.com/mhka_ensembles_production/assets/public/000/060/931/medium_500/VVG0_32.jpg?1598431464","cached_actor_names":"","hide_from_json":false,"prev_platform_id":null,"description_uk":"","short_description_uk":"","description_tr":null,"short_description_tr":null,"mhka_works":true,"category":{"en":"Book","nl":"Boek","fr":"Livre"},"poster_image":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/mhka_ensembles_production/assets/public/000/060/931/large/VVG0_32.jpg?1598431464","poster_credits":"scan: (c) M HKA, Published by The Free Press","translations":[{"locale":"en","short_description":"","description":"\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"\u003e\u0026quot;[In this article], I argued that a remarkable consensus concerning the legitimacy of liberal democracy as a system of government had emerged throughout the world over the past few years, as it conquered rival ideologies like hereditary monarchy, fascism, and most recently communism. More than that, however, I argued that liberal democracy may constitute the \u0026#39;end point of mankind\u0026rsquo;s ideological evolution\u0026#39; and the \u0026#39;final form of human government,\u0026#39; and as such constituted the \u0026#39;end of history\u0026#39;.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eThis quote from political scientist and philosopher Francis Fukuyama (1952-) refers to his 1989 article that formed the basis for the book he wrote three years later, which introduce the central thesis of \u003cem\u003eThe End of History and the Last Man\u003c/em\u003e. Shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Fukuyama proclaims the victory of Western democracy over communism and all other ideologies. Since the 1990s, Fukuyama\u0026#39;s triumphalist image has often been adopted by politicians from centrist parties in the West. Fukuyama looks back at the history of the past centuries and sees a continuous clash of ideologies, driven by the logic of modern science on the one hand and the struggle for human recognition on the other. To underpin his reasoning, Fukuyama starts from Immanuel Kant\u0026#39;s idea of a universal history; Georg Wilhelm Hegel\u0026#39;s notion of the end of history (as interpreted by Alexandre Koj\u0026egrave;ve); and Karl Marx\u0026#39;s concept of a history driven by class struggle. On the last pages of the book, Fukuyama uses the metaphor of \u0026#39;a long wagon train out along a road\u0026#39; to clarify his vision of history. Every wagon is on its way to the same destination, but some are already further than others; some have completely given up on the journey; and the wagons trying out alternative routes discover that they all have to go through the same mountain pass to reach the final goal. Thus, according to Fukuyama, human history is universal, progressive, and going in one direction. He sees an evolution that started under the impulse of the European Enlightenment, and that evolves towards a global monoculture of liberal capitalism.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n"},{"locale":"nl","short_description":"","description":"\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"\u003e\u0026ldquo; [In dit artikel] heb ik gesteld dat er over de hele wereld de laatste jaren een opvallende consensus is ontstaan over de legitimiteit van de liberale democratie als regeringsvorm, daar deze heeft gezegevierd over rivaliserende ideologie\u0026euml;n als de erfelijke monarchie, het fascisme, en, als meest recente, het communisme. Sterker nog, ik stelde dat de liberale democratie wellicht het \u0026lsquo;eindpunt van de menselijke ideologische evolutie\u0026rsquo; en \u0026lsquo;de laatste vorm van menselijk regeren\u0026rsquo; was, en daarmee het \u0026lsquo;einde van de geschiedenis\u0026rsquo;.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eDit citaat van politiek wetenschapper en filosoof Francis Fukuyama (1952) verwijst naar zijn artikel uit 1989, dat de basis vormde voor zijn boek uit 1992, en introduceert de centrale these van \u003cem\u003eHet einde van de geschiedenis en de laatste mens\u003c/em\u003e. Fukuyama kondigt vlak na de val van de Berlijnse muur de overwinning af van de westerse democratie op het communisme en alle andere ideologie\u0026euml;n. Het triomfalistische beeld van Fukuyama wordt sinds de jaren \u0026rsquo;90 vaak overgenomen door politici van middenpartijen in westerse landen.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eFukuyama blikt terug op de geschiedenis van de afgelopen eeuwen en leest daarin een voortdurende botsing van ideologie\u0026euml;n, aangedreven door de logica van de moderne wetenschap enerzijds en de strijd om erkenning van mensen anderzijds. Om zijn redenering te onderbouwen vertrekt Fukuyama van Immanuel Kants idee van \u0026lsquo;universele geschiedenis\u0026rsquo;; de notie van het einde van de geschiedenis van Georg Wilhelm Hegel (zoals Alexandre Koj\u0026egrave;ve ze interpreteerde); en de door klassenstrijd aangedreven geschiedenis van Karl Marx.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003eOp de laatste bladzijden van het boek zet Fukuyama de metafoor van \u0026lsquo;een lange karavaan huifkarren langs een weg\u0026rsquo; in om zijn visie op de geschiedenis te verduidelijken. Elke kar is op weg naar dezelfde bestemming, maar sommige zijn al verder dan andere; enkele hebben de reis helemaal opgegeven; en de huifkarren die alternatieve routes uitproberen, ontdekken dat ze allemaal door dezelfde bergpas moeten om het einddoel te bereiken. De menselijke geschiedenis is volgens Fukuyama dus universeel, progressief en ze gaat in \u0026eacute;\u0026eacute;n richting. Hij ziet een evolutie, die startte onder de impuls van de Europese Verlichting, naar een mondiale monocultuur van liberaal kapitalisme.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n"},{"locale":"fr","short_description":"","description":""},{"locale":"ru","short_description":"","description":""},{"locale":"de","short_description":"","description":""},{"locale":"es","short_description":"","description":""},{"locale":"el","short_description":"","description":""}],"actors":[]}